current phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes
rhodophyta
glaucaphyta
viridiplantae
chlorophyta (chlorophyte green algae)
Prasinococcales
streptophyte algae grades
bryophytes
hornworts
liverworts
mosses
lycophytes
ferns
spermatophytes
gymnosperms (non-flowering seed-producing plants)
gymnosperms appear to have evolved 319mya as result of a whole genome duplication event
conifers
Araucariacieae
Wollemia
Agathis
Collumbea
Araucaria
Pinaceae
Podocarpaceae
Cupressaceae
Taxaceae
Boweniaceae
Bowenia
Cephalotaxaceae
Cephalotaxus
Cycadaceae
Ephedraceae
Ginkgoaceae
Gnetaceae
Taxodiaceae
Welwitschiaceae
Zamiaceae
angiosperms (flowering plants) c245mya
monocotyledons
dicotyledons
basal angiosperms
Amborella, a single species of shrub from New Caledonia;
Nymphaeales, about 80 species, water lilies and Hydatellaceae;
Austrobaileyales, about 100 species of woody plants from various parts of the world
Core angiosperms (Mesangiospermae)
Chloranthales, 77 known species of aromatic plants with toothed leaves;
Magnoliids, about 9,000 species eg. magnolia, bay laurel, tulip trees, black pepper
Monocots, about 70,000 species monocotyledons eg. grasses, orchids, palms
Acorales (c131mya)
Alismatales
lilioids
Petrosaviales (c122mya)
Dioscoreales (c115mya)
Pandanales (c91mya)
Liliales (c121mya)
Asparagales (c120mya)
Orchidaceae (orchids)
Apostasioideae (2 genera, 15sp SW Asia)
Vanilloideae (15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America)
Cypripedioideae (Lady Slipper orchids, 5 genera and 130 species)
Epidendroideae (more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species)
Orchidoideae (208 genera and 3,630 species)
Boryaceae 12sp drought-tolerant plants Australia
Hypoxidaceae
Blandfordiaceae (Aust)
Lanariaceae (Sth Africa)
Asteliaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Doryanthaceae
Iridaceae (irises)
Xeronemataceae
Asphodelaceae
'core' Asparagales
Amaryllidaceae s.l
Asparagaceae s.l. (includes asparagus, agapanthus, allium, agaves and yuccas)
commelinids (c118mya)
Arecales
Poales
Zingiberales
Commelinales
Ceratophyllum, about 6 species of aquatic plants
Eudicots, about 175,000 species dicotyledons eg. sunflowers, petunia, buttercup, apples, and oaks
evolved early Cretaceous and includes most leafy trees of midlatitudes
basal eudicots
Ranunculales
Proteales
Trochodendrales
Buxales
core eudicots
superrosids
Saxifragales
rosids
fabids
Fabales (legumes, acacia)
Rosales (roses)
Fagales (beeches)
Cucurbitales
Oxalidales
Malpighiales
Celastrales
Zygophyllales
malvids
Geraniales
Myrtales (myrtles, eucalyptus)
Crossosomatales
Picramniales
Malvales
Brassicales
Huerteales
Sapindales
superasterids
Santalales
Berberidopsidales
Caryophyllales
asterids
Cornales
Ericales
euasterids
campanulids
Aquifoliales (holly)
asterales
Asteraceae (daisies)
Escalloniales
Bruniales
Apiales
Dipsacales
Paracryphiales
lamiids
Solanales
Lamiales
Vahliales
Gentianales
Boraginales
Garryales
Metteniusales
Icacinales
non-flowering plants
flowering plants
the first flowering plants evolved around 140mya
50-80% of the main family stems of angiosperms evolved in the warmest period of the Cretaceous from 100-90mya
the diversification leading to the extant diversity of most of the non-monotypic families (56–91%) did not start until the Cenozoic (56-37mya), this occurred in the context of profound changes in terrestrial ecosystems, including a well-documented trend of global warming in the Palaeocene and Eocene1)