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Roman Empire & European Leaders

Prehistoric times Roman Empire & European Leaders Dark ages The middle ages 16thC 17th C 18th C 19th C 1900-25 1925-50 1950-75 1975-99 21stC

Roman Empire & European Leaders

Roman Empire & Early Christian times:

Roman emperors Early "Catholic" Church Tetrarchs Jewish High Priests Procurators of Judea
Augustus 27BC-14AD Mithraism brought to Rome 60BC from Persia Herod the Great 41BC-4BC Hyrcanus 63BC-? Antipater 48BC-7AD?
Tiberius 14-37AD Jesus 0-32 Phasael

Archelaus 4BC-6AD

Herod Antipas 4BC-39AD

Herod Phillip 4BC - 33AD

Ananus 7AD-17AD

Caiaphas 17-37

Coponius 7AD-9AD

Marcus Ambivius 9-13

Annius Rufus 13-15

Valerius Gratus 15-26

Pontius Pilate 26-35

Caligula 37-41 Herod Agrippa I 33-44 Jonathan 37-59 Marcellus 37-44
Claudius 41-54 Peter 42-67 Cuspius Fadus 44-46
Nero 54-68 Joseph, son of Simon 59-?
Galba 68-69 Linus Tuscany 67-79
Otho; Vitellius 69
Vespasian 69-79 Fall of Jerusalem 70AD
Titus 79-81 (Ana)cletus 79-92
Domitian 81-96 Clement 92-101
Nerva 96-98 Evaristus 99-107
Trajan 98-117 Alexander I 107-16
Hadrian 117-138 Sixtus I 116-25

Telesphorus 125-38

Antoninius Pius 138-161 Hyginus 138-42

Pius I 142-55

Marcus Aurelius 161-180 Anicetus 155-66

Soter 166-74

Commodus 180-192 Eleuterius 174-89
Pertinax, Didius 193

Septimus Severus 193-211

Victor I 189-99
Caracalla 211-217 Zephyrinus 199-217
Macrinus 217-218 Callistus I 217-22
Elagabalus 218-222
Alexander Severus 222-235 Urban I 222-30

Pontian 230-5

Maximinus 235-238 Anterus 235
Gordian I,II,Pupienus 238
Balbinus 238

Late Roman Empire and the formation of the Catholic Church:

Roman Emperors Papacy
Gordian III 238-244AD Fabian 236-50
Philip the Arab 244-49
Decius 249-51
Hostilianus 251
Gallus, Volusianus 251-53 Cornelius 251-3
Valerian, Gallienus 253-68 Lucius I 253-4

Stephen I 254-7

Sixtus II 257-8

Claudius II 268-70 Dionysius  258-68
Aurelian 270-5 Felix I 269-74
Tacitus, Florianus 275-6
Probus 276-282 Eutychian 275-83
Carus 282-3
Carinus 283-5 Caius 283-96
Numerianus 283-4
Diocletian 284-305 Marcellinus 296-304 God of Mithra becomes protector of Rome 304
Constantius 305-6
Galerius 305-10 Marcellus I 308-9
Maxentius 306-12

Constantine the Great 306-37

Licinius 308-24

Eusebius 309-10

Meltiades 311-4

Sylvester I  314-35

Constantine officially supports Christianity, but in 334AD recalled Arius from exile & made Arianism favoured over Catholic Church by Rome
Constantine II 337-40

Constans 337-50

Constantius 337-61

Marcus 336

Julius I,  337-66

Magnentius 350-53 Liberius 352-66
Julian the Apostate 361-63

Jovian 363-4

Arianism now the official faith of the Roman Empire
Valentinian I 364-75

Valens 364-78

Damascus I 366-84
Gratian 375-83

Valentinian II 375-92

Magnus Maximus 383-8
Eugenius 392-4

Theodosius the Great 379-95

Siricius 384-99 Theodosius:
  • bans Arianism (the religion of the converted German "barbarians") in 379AD
  • bans non-Christian beliefs 392AD

The divided Roman Empire & its fall:

West Roman Emperor East Roman Emperor Papacy
Honorius 395-423 Arcadius 395-408 Anastasius 399-401

Innocent I 401-17

395AD, Visigoths under Alaric (370-410) rise up & in 401, as a Roman general, encouraged by the East, led a German invasion of Italy

406AD, vast armies of Vandals, Sueves & Alans crossed Rhine into Gaul resulting in the Roman withdrawal from Britain. Vandals ravaged Gaul & moved into Spain in 408.

410AD, Alaric captures Rome

416AD, Burgundians establish the 1st German kingdoms

Constantius II 421

Valentinian III 425-55

Theodosius II 408-50 Zozimus 417-8

Boniface I 418-22

Celestine I 422-32

Sixtus III 432-40

429AD, under Gaiseric (390-477), the Vandals invade Africa robbing Rome of its food supply & becomes the independent ruler of Nth Africa in 442AD.

440AD, Huns, nomadic Mongols who had settled in Hungary threaten East & West alike

Marcian 450-7 Leo I the Great 440-61 452AD, Romans, Franks & Visigoths halt the invasion of the Huns led by Attila (c 406-53AD), Attila dies on his wedding night from burst blood vessel?
Petronius Maximus 455
Avitus 455-6
Majorian 457-61 Leo I 457-74
Libius Severus 461-5 Hilary 461-8 Franks consolidate their power & under Clovis I (465-511), created a united, non-heretical Christian Gaul
Anthemius 467-72 Simplicius 468-83 471AD, Ostrogoths leave Black Sea moving into Macedonia & Thessaly
Olybrius 472
Glycerius 473
Julius Nepos 474-5 Leo II 474
Romulus Augustulus 475-6
Fall of Rome 476AD Zeno

Justinian 482-565

German soldier Odoacer rules Italy (476-493AD)

487AD, Ostrogoths, led by Theodoric, march on Constantinople, but was bought off by Emperor Zeno who persuaded him to go to Italy & defeat Odoacer which he did in 493AD, forming the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy

Justinian fought Persian king Chosroes (r. 531-79) for 35yrs & reconquested Africa (533-4) and Italy (536-54)