Roman Empire & European Leaders
Roman Empire & Early Christian times:
| Roman emperors | Early "Catholic" Church | Tetrarchs | Jewish High Priests | Procurators of Judea | |||
| Augustus 27BC-14AD | Mithraism brought to Rome 60BC from Persia | Herod the Great 41BC-4BC | Hyrcanus 63BC-? | Antipater 48BC-7AD? | |||
| Tiberius 14-37AD | Jesus 0-32 | Phasael
Archelaus 4BC-6AD Herod Antipas 4BC-39AD Herod Phillip 4BC - 33AD |
Ananus 7AD-17AD
Caiaphas 17-37 |
Coponius 7AD-9AD
Marcus Ambivius 9-13 Annius Rufus 13-15 Valerius Gratus 15-26 Pontius Pilate 26-35 |
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| Caligula 37-41 | Herod Agrippa I 33-44 | Jonathan 37-59 | Marcellus 37-44 | ||||
| Claudius 41-54 | Peter 42-67 | Cuspius Fadus 44-46 | |||||
| Nero 54-68 | Joseph, son of Simon 59-? | ||||||
| Galba 68-69 | Linus Tuscany 67-79 | ||||||
| Otho; Vitellius 69 | |||||||
| Vespasian 69-79 | Fall of Jerusalem 70AD | ||||||
| Titus 79-81 | (Ana)cletus 79-92 | ||||||
| Domitian 81-96 | Clement 92-101 | ||||||
| Nerva 96-98 | Evaristus 99-107 | ||||||
| Trajan 98-117 | Alexander I 107-16 | ||||||
| Hadrian 117-138 | Sixtus I 116-25
Telesphorus 125-38 |
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| Antoninius Pius 138-161 | Hyginus 138-42
Pius I 142-55 |
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| Marcus Aurelius 161-180 | Anicetus 155-66
Soter 166-74 |
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| Commodus 180-192 | Eleuterius 174-89 | ||||||
| Pertinax, Didius 193
Septimus Severus 193-211 |
Victor I 189-99 | ||||||
| Caracalla 211-217 | Zephyrinus 199-217 | ||||||
| Macrinus 217-218 | Callistus I 217-22 | ||||||
| Elagabalus 218-222 | |||||||
| Alexander Severus 222-235 | Urban I 222-30
Pontian 230-5 |
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| Maximinus 235-238 | Anterus 235 | ||||||
| Gordian I,II,Pupienus 238 | |||||||
| Balbinus 238 |
Late Roman Empire and the formation of the Catholic Church:
| Roman Emperors | Papacy | ||
| Gordian III 238-244AD | Fabian 236-50 | ||
| Philip the Arab 244-49 | |||
| Decius 249-51 | |||
| Hostilianus 251 | |||
| Gallus, Volusianus 251-53 | Cornelius 251-3 | ||
| Valerian, Gallienus 253-68 | Lucius I 253-4
Stephen I 254-7 Sixtus II 257-8 |
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| Claudius II 268-70 | Dionysius 258-68 | ||
| Aurelian 270-5 | Felix I 269-74 | ||
| Tacitus, Florianus 275-6 | |||
| Probus 276-282 | Eutychian 275-83 | ||
| Carus 282-3 | |||
| Carinus 283-5 | Caius 283-96 | ||
| Numerianus 283-4 | |||
| Diocletian 284-305 | Marcellinus 296-304 | God of Mithra becomes protector of Rome 304 | |
| Constantius 305-6 | |||
| Galerius 305-10 | Marcellus I 308-9 | ||
| Maxentius 306-12
Constantine the Great 306-37 Licinius 308-24 |
Eusebius 309-10
Meltiades 311-4 Sylvester I 314-35 |
Constantine officially supports Christianity, but in 334AD recalled Arius from exile & made Arianism favoured over Catholic Church by Rome | |
| Constantine II 337-40
Constans 337-50 Constantius 337-61 |
Marcus 336
Julius I, 337-66 |
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| Magnentius 350-53 | Liberius 352-66 | ||
| Julian the Apostate 361-63
Jovian 363-4 |
Arianism now the official faith of the Roman Empire | ||
| Valentinian I 364-75
Valens 364-78 |
Damascus I 366-84 | ||
| Gratian 375-83
Valentinian II 375-92 |
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| Magnus Maximus 383-8 | |||
| Eugenius 392-4
Theodosius the Great 379-95 |
Siricius 384-99 | Theodosius:
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The divided Roman Empire & its fall:
| West Roman Emperor | East Roman Emperor | Papacy | ||
| Honorius 395-423 | Arcadius 395-408 | Anastasius 399-401
Innocent I 401-17 |
395AD, Visigoths under Alaric (370-410) rise up & in
401, as a Roman general, encouraged by the East, led a German invasion
of Italy
406AD, vast armies of Vandals, Sueves & Alans crossed Rhine into Gaul resulting in the Roman withdrawal from Britain. Vandals ravaged Gaul & moved into Spain in 408. 410AD, Alaric captures Rome 416AD, Burgundians establish the 1st German kingdoms |
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| Constantius II 421
Valentinian III 425-55 |
Theodosius II 408-50 | Zozimus 417-8
Boniface I 418-22 Celestine I 422-32 Sixtus III 432-40 |
429AD, under Gaiseric (390-477), the Vandals invade Africa robbing
Rome of its food supply & becomes the independent ruler of Nth
Africa in 442AD.
440AD, Huns, nomadic Mongols who had settled in Hungary threaten East & West alike |
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| Marcian 450-7 | Leo I the Great 440-61 | 452AD, Romans, Franks & Visigoths halt the invasion of the Huns led by Attila (c 406-53AD), Attila dies on his wedding night from burst blood vessel? | ||
| Petronius Maximus 455 | ||||
| Avitus 455-6 | ||||
| Majorian 457-61 | Leo I 457-74 | |||
| Libius Severus 461-5 | Hilary 461-8 | Franks consolidate their power & under Clovis I (465-511), created a united, non-heretical Christian Gaul | ||
| Anthemius 467-72 | Simplicius 468-83 | 471AD, Ostrogoths leave Black Sea moving into Macedonia & Thessaly | ||
| Olybrius 472 | ||||
| Glycerius 473 | ||||
| Julius Nepos 474-5 | Leo II 474 | |||
| Romulus Augustulus 475-6 | ||||
| Fall of Rome 476AD | Zeno
Justinian 482-565 |
German soldier Odoacer rules Italy (476-493AD)
487AD, Ostrogoths, led by Theodoric, march on Constantinople, but was bought off by Emperor Zeno who persuaded him to go to Italy & defeat Odoacer which he did in 493AD, forming the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy Justinian fought Persian king Chosroes (r. 531-79) for 35yrs & reconquested Africa (533-4) and Italy (536-54) |