The old town of Syracusa on the east coast of Sicily is another lovely place to wander around and explore.
Here are some of my images from an afternoon spent there.















Pantalica in Sicily is a 13-7thC BC necropolis of tombs cut into the limestone cliffs of this valley near Sortino.
There are some 4000 tombs but we only managed to see a few as we had to run back up the 200-250m ascent (valley seems to be at ~160m elevation and the car park is at around 360m-400m elevation while the town of Sortino is at around 500m elevation) in 34deg sunshine to drive back to Sortino for the parade of patron saint, Saint Sophia.
Highly recommended for some nature hiking – there are quite a few different hikes of various lengths available.
Bring your own drinking water and sun shade (plus your bathers for a swim at the bottom!)

A trip to Malta should not miss a ferry ride to the little island of Gozo with its lovely variety of beaches, coastal towns and of course , its main town Victoria and the Citadel.
You can catch the ferry to Gozo from Cirkewwa at the tip of Malta and this is a short 20min free trip which doesn’t need any bookings. The ferry ride back to Malta does cost and need a ticket but you now also have the option of the 45min fast ferry to Valletta which may save you taxi fares and only costs 7.50 Euro.
The coastal waters of the Mediterranean at this time of year are a lovely 25degC – great for swimming, especially at Ramla which has a sandy beach – IF there are no stinging jellyfish and IF you avid stepping on the black sea urchins in the rock beaches.

Buttresses in an alley way in The Citadel.
Presumably these were designed to help withstand the regions earthquakes – a major one hit eastern Sicily in 1693 demolishing towns such as Ragusa and sending a tsunami to Malta as well as causing considerable building damage in Malta.

Another lane way in the Citadel.

The coastal town of Marsalforn.

The coastal town of Marsalforn.

A bar in Marsalforn.

The owner of the salt pans near Marsalforn.

At the remote rock beach cove – Dwejra Bay near the Inland Sea.
Mdina is the old former capital of Malta, originally founded in the 8thC BC by the Phoenicians given its position on a high plateau making it naturally defensible, it is primarily a fortified Medieval city thought to have been built in the 8thC AD by the Byzantines to defend the threats from the Arabs.
It ceased to the be capital when the Knights of St John were given the island and moved the administrative capital to Birgu.
According to tradition when Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked on Malta, he cured the governor’s sick father and the city converted to Christianity. Paul was also allegedly bitten by a snake and tradition has it that he cast out all the venomous snakes from Malta.
It has some Baroque features added in the early 18th century.
It is one of the favourite places for tourists as it is less busy than most other tourist destinations in Malta, and its high walls offer shade from the summer sun.





Finally now that the Covid-19 pandemic issues have settled somewhat, I was able to get back to international travel and my first destination was the little island of Malta.
Malta in September is still very warm and humid with day time temperatures generally reaching 32-34degC and overnight minimums falling to only 22-24degC.
This means you need to either sleep with air conditioning on all night, or do as I did, sleep in a mosquito/sandfly proof (No-See-Um) mesh tent on balconies and rooftops to really take in the nocturnal balmy summer ambience. Perhaps the locals could take a leaf out of my book and save electricity and the environment.
Sand flies are a significant concern in much of the Mediterranean and this includes Malta and Sicily as these sand flies are true sand flies of the Phlebotomus genus (not the biting midgee “sandflies” found on Australia and NZ beaches), and they can carry the amoebic parasite which causes Leishmaniasis which is hard to prevent (without ensuring no sand fly bites) and not easy to treat – not something anyone wants to catch! The sand flies live in storm water drains and are active overnight so having skin exposed whilst walking at night or going to restaurants is a significant risk especially in September when they are at their peak activity.
Valletta is the main old town in Malta apart from Mdina and is a great place to explore although very touristic and so the restaurants and cafes do target the tourist trade.
Here are a few images that I captured on my first night there wandering around.





Next up will be the old town of Mdina.
This “4 person” tent is a touring style tent designed with a fast set up frame and the fly has an extra layer to blockout sunlight or other lights which makes it cooler to be in during the day time and a good option for festival goers as well as those traveling to summer camp sites by car.
Being a touring tent it allows one to stand inside the tent and has a porch with awning. The tent is large enough for a deluxe single person stretcher bed, and as a result, this tent is MUCH heavier and has a MUCH larger packed size than a hiking dome tent. It packs to 110 x 22 x 22cm and weighs 15kg.
Disclaimer: I purchased my tent online and have not been sponsored by any party in relation to this tent and I have used it now for about 20 nights of camping but only as a one person tent with a stretcher bed.


Inner canopy with fast frame being set up – just open the legs outwards as above, then bend the leg hinges to the opposite direction as they are in the photo, then extend the legs to reach full set up – very easy!

Inner canopy set up showing the front door (the rear door has red corner pole holders). If a strong wind were to push two walls inwards making the frame hinge angle the opposite way, the frame will collapse. Hence the importance of the fly being attached to the frame and guy ropes preventing the walls being pushed inwards.
Inner canopy with the fast frame design:
Fly with the blockout material:
Inner canopy with the fast frame design:
Fly with the blockout material:
Quality control:
Admittedly you do get a lot of tent for the money, however, there are a number of issues I have already encountered with this tent but I still love it for the price:
A freestanding 2P dome tent without its fly such as the MacPac Apollo will fit snuggly inside this tent and this can give you the best of both worlds in cold weather.
The 4P tent gives you height for getting changed in clothing more comfortably as well as extra weather protection and amenity.
A 2P full fabric dome tent allows a smaller air space to allow your body and any additional heaters such as 12V electric heating mats to heat up the air that you breathe. This can be a very useful technique if you suffer from asthma or cold-induced coughing. It can also provide an extra measure to combat mosquitoes. Your stretcher bed will also just fit inside the 2P dome tent as well which brings your face closer to the warmer air at the top of the 2P tent. You could also get more cold protection by covering the dome tent with insulating materials without worrying about the weather compromising them as the 4P tent will protect it.
I do really like this tent.
It is a great tent for ONE person with a deluxe stretcher – only one of these will fit and even so it is a little cramped – a couple would be better going for the 5P or 6P version for glamping comfort.
I love it for warm summer nights with no rain and minimal breezes – works well without the fly in these conditions and really does become a rapid set up and take down option with excellent flexibility in terms of privacy vs ventilation vs wind chill protection while still being able to see the stars through the ceiling mesh – and the rear door is a real benefit!
If mild rain is forecast and you want to just use the inner canopy as above for super fast set up and take down, a 1.8×2.4m, or better still, a 2.4x3m tarp thrown over the top and clamped to the poles (get 4 strong clamps from Bunnings) provides adequate rain protection with the inner fabric of doors and mesh zipped up. If it gets a bit windy you can tie down the tarp with guy ropes to further protect the tent.
It is also great with the fly on for summer camping and the blockout and ventilation makes it a viable option for sleeping in during the daylight hours and you won’t be woken by the early sunrise – but I would be very careful in site selection and use of good guy ropes and pegs if the forecast is for wind gusts over 50kph.
The RRP is $AU549 but can be found on special for around $AU279 making it a great value option – if you have space for it in your car!
The Australian distributor is Oztrail.
For those paranoid about mosquito-borne viruses then although this tent has excellent insect protection, mozzies getting in undetected when you open the door zips can still be problematic as with any large tent – a great solution I have tried is to hook up the Sea 2 Summit Mosquito Net (double) which will drape very nicely over your large single stretcher bed (I have the Wanderer Premium Ultra Comfort Folding Stretcher King Single which is very comfy and just fits this tent nicely) and allow even greater mozzie protection. Alternatively, you can set up the Oztrail 2P Mozzie Tent inside which works well and means you can leave the main tent doors unzipped but there is no room to walk around it – the Oztrail 6P version solves this space issue but is substantially more difficult to set up for one person, 3kg heavier and longer to pack.
A comparable tent with similar features is the Coleman Instant Up 4P Gold Series Evo Tent – 4 Person but it has a smaller vestibule (and no vestibule arch poles) and no ceiling mesh nor blockout and is more expensive.
The Coleman Instant Up 4P Darkroom tent is exclusive to Anaconda, is lighter at 13.9kg, a little cheaper, but no rear door, no ceiling mesh, the fly is only 1500mm rated and the floor is a noisy, crinkly budget polyethylene.
The Coleman Northstar Instant Up 4 Lighted DarkRoom Tent is closer to the specs of the OzTrail 4P tent as it does have the blockout and the larger vestibule but still no ceiling mesh although you do get LED lights and it is considerably more expensive.
See also my photography and camping wikipedia – more Touring Tents.
Comet Leonard (C/2021 A1) has been creating quite a buzz in the Southern Hemisphere as a “Christmas comet” for 2021. It had been a nice comet for those in the Northern Hemisphere in early December 2021.
Unfortunately it was a bit too dim for people to see with the naked eye unless in a dark sky area and even then it can be difficult making binoculars are useful adjunct.
Nevertheless, for astrophotographers it has been a fantastic comet which brightened in December 2021 and developed a lovely long tail and a greenish head due to short-lived dicarbon molecules being generated by UV light.
For a comet of this brightness close to the sun, astrophotographers had to wait until it was far enough from the sun so that twilight effects reduced sky glow and they had to seek a relatively dark sky region so light pollution effects were minimal, while timing it so the moonlight would not interfere and one had a clear night relatively free of clouds.
To get the best imagery, the camera needed to be mounted on some tracking device to allow longer exposure times without star trails, and the best would then take many such images and stack them in post-processing software to reduce the image noise.
Here is one of my single shot images tracked for a 20sec exposure which also happened to capture a nearby meteor.
This image was shot on 29th December 2021 with a Sony a7RIV camera with a Samyang 85mm f/1.4 lens at f/1.4 ISO 3200, uncropped and post-processed in OnOnePhotoRAW 2022.
Comet Leonard is a long period comet with an orbit which takes 80,000 years.
It was discovered in January 2021 and had its closest approach to Earth was on 12th Dec 2021 at 34.9 million km then it made a close approach to Venus of only 4.2 million km. It had its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) on 3rd Jan 2022.
More information about comets in my wikipedia.
Most people want to go camping to get away, engage with nature, get as good as sleep as possible and have minimal problems.
Many enjoy their time away from other people while others like to take the opportunity to connect with other campers.
Here are some important general principles to consider to help you and others have a more enjoyable and stress-free experience.
It should not need emphasizing but one should be aware of, and comply with the rules of the camp ground.
see https://lnt.org/learn/7-principles
clean up after yourself
avoid fire scars
do not contaminate waterways with toileting or non-biodegradable soaps
ensure you choose your site carefully so there is no need to dig trenches
Ensure your fun is not adversely impacting others.
Minimise noise (especially at night)
don’t get drunk
turn off loud music at a reasonable time
do not use power generators when others are around (these are banned at many sites)
do not use chainsaws near camp sites
do not use noisy dirt bikes near camp sites
moderate your childrens behavior
don’t take dogs that tend to bark a lot
Respect their privacy
do not walk into other camper’s sites without their consent unless it is an emergency to help them
ensure you tell your kids not to walk or ride bikes into other occupied camp sites and this includes care using torches at night such as looking for wombats and tell them not to ask for food from other campers – these can create difficulties
ensure your pets are not straying into other tent sites
don’t have your car headlights aimed at their tent
give others space
many prefer to sleep naked – it’s your responsibility as parents to keep your kids away from them and let them enjoy being at one with nature and as long as they are doing this discretely they should be allowed to do so without people making a fuss of it. Remember it is illegal in Australia to publish intimate photos of other people in public places without their consent if they take offense to it.
remember it is illegal in Australia to use drones within 30m of other people, at night, over populous areas such as beaches and they are illegal in National Parks without a permit.
Respect their assumed rights
most camp grounds have a first in, first served policy such as those who arrive first get to choose their camp site first, and many doing so also reserve sites for their friends or family – these people should do so in a reasonable manner
obviously do not commit criminal offences such as theft. Some campers do leave chairs or table on vacant sites to reserve them.
If there are pit toilets, leave the seat down to reduce the flies.
offer help but understand some will prefer to not accept it at that time
a hello is not necessarily an invitation to dinner – that should be an explicit invite made to you
some campers will snore loudly and its usually not their fault (unless they got drunk) – be prepared and bring your ear plugs or noise cancelling headphones
avoid getting upset, agitated or aggressive but do make polite communication of reasonable requests of others if their behaviour is impacting others
be tolerant of transient non-sexual nudity – surfers getting in and out of their wetsuits, people getting changed discretely outside their cramped tents, people discretely having a pee in the bush.
this is generally bad for their health and tends to make them aggressive to people at meal times when they don’t get food
SEE MY WIKI for HEAPS of camping, hiking and photography information
Melbourne is well known for its propensity to have 4 seasons in one day, especially in Summer when it can be blistering hot 45DegC with strong north winds and then within an hour much cooler with strong southerly winds thanks to its geographical position which exposes it to frequent cold fronts from the Southern Ocean or from around Antarctica.
But in Winter, it can generally be relied upon to be cool to cold thanks to its latitude of around 38deg South and sitting south of the Great Dividing Range.
Fortunately for Melbournians it is only a 2.5 hour drive north over the Great Dividing Range to Echuca on the Murray River which may give a very different winter experience with sunny days and temperatures a few degrees warmer than Melbourne (although colder nights thanks to being inland and away from coastal maritime moderating influences).
Echuca was an important inland port on the Murray River in the late 19th and early 20th centuries after it was founded by Henry Hopwood in 1853 when punts and a pontoon bridge made it the only means of crossing the Murray and Campaspe Rivers. In 1855 Major Thomas Mitchell purchased allotment in 612 High St on which he built a hotel.
In 1864, Echuca became an increasingly important inland port when the Melbourne-Echuca railroad was completed allowing paddle steamers to transport wool from Darling & Murrumbidgee Rivers as far north as almost the Queensland border to Melbourne where it was then exported overseas.
In the 1870’s Echuca’s paddle steamer and red gum timber industries flourished to make it the largest inland port in Australia and second only to Melbourne as a port. Eventually though, the success of the railroad was to adversely impact the paddle steamer industries.
After a severe drought in 1914 which left most of the Murray River as a series of pools, work began in the 1920’s to construct dams and weirs along the river to better control flows and allow the steamers to run consistently.
Today, Echuca is mainly a tourist attraction with its historic port, historic paddle steamers, house boats, golf courses, nearby wineries, and being adjacent to the largest red gum Eucalypt forest in the world – one can drive a 4WD alongs its tracks (when not flooded) for some 380km including the adjacent Barmah forest to its north-east and the Gunbower National Park along the Murray to it west which have popular dispersed camping locations.
Above is my photo of the beautiful red gums at a dispersed camp site along the Murray River in Gunbower National Park – note the spray painted cricket stumps for campers to enjoy a game of cricket.
If camping in the forest, you should not camp under branches of these trees, especially in Summer or Autumn after a drought as some of these trees tend to drop their branches suddenly and without warning and this can be lethal. Branches 10-30cm in diameter are more prone to fall and often have no signs of structural weakness and hence are very difficult to predict the risk.
One should also be aware that in the warmer months, especially after floods or heavy rains, mosquitoes can be problematic and these may transmit various viruses such as Murray Valley Encephalitis virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Ross River virus.
More information and links relating to Echuca can be found on my wikipedia here.
Most people camping solo will prefer the extra space of a two person (2P) tent at a mild cost in weight when compared to a very restrictive one person (1P) tent.
These will be much more livable, especially when it is raining and you need to wait a few hours for it to stop, allows you to have your backpack stowed more securely and of course, they are just big enough for a cosy night for 2 people.
There are many, many 2P tents available.
Budget entry level ones may be very inadequate in providing a safe waterproof shelter and may be too bulky and heavy to carry, so in this blog I have concentrated on the medium to higher end price bracket dual wall tents which should withstand a decent downpour and strong winds and keep you warm and dry while providing adequate ventilation options to minimise internal condensation which would otherwise make you wet and cold.
Some “4 season” tents are really only optimised for alpine and snow conditions for which they are fantastic but tend to lack sufficient ventilation options for use on warm nights unless you fully open the doors and risk bugs and more uninvited guests.
Many 2P tents have a mostly mesh inner “canopy” part and these are fantastic when there are warm nights, especially if you wish to take the fly off and stare at the wonderful dark Milky Way skies and count the falling stars. They will generally be lighter and still keep you dry when it rains assuming you have the fly on.
However, when the temperatures drop below 10degC, you may prefer an inner canopy made mostly of nylon fabric to reduce wind chill over your face and body, but still have dual layer large doorways which give you the option of fantastic cross-ventilation in mesh only mode on warm nights, or any degree of mesh vs nylon fabric to allow versatile adjustment of cross-ventilation to optimise temperature control and mitigation of internal condensation.
If you want to understand more about condensation in tents, see my wiki page here.
I have thus created a comparison table of a selection of 4 such tents, each have their pros and cons and you will need to decide what is important to you.
| feature | Sea to Summit Telos TR2 PLUS | MacPac Apollo | Mont Dragonfly | Exped Orion II |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| price on sale | $AU879 | $AU349 on sale |
$AU999 | $AU1199 |
| season usage | 3+ season | 3-4 season | 4 season and still great in summer | 4 season and still good in summer although consider Extreme version with silnylon UV fly |
| best for.. | ultralight hiking in warm or cool areas | tough design great for 2x schoolkids or car camping; | alpine hiking; very spacious all purpose tent; | tall people; 1-2 adults hiking; unprotected sites eg. Iceland, alpine base camps; high rain/wind cool-cold climate areas; car camping for those with bad backs |
| weight | 1.7kg | 2.8kg | 2.5kg | 3.2kg |
| packed size | 13 x 13 x 48cm | 56 x 21cm | 44x18cm + 45cm poles | 42 x 16cm |
| storm / wind proofing | ?good | very good | excellent | excellent |
| livability in prolonged rain 1P | dubious, inner space the smallest; | OK | excellent as spacious, waterproof floor and zip ceiling vents | excellent thanks to large vestibules and doors |
| set up in rain without inner getting wet | yes | no | yes with footprint? | yes |
| pole attachment | clipped | via tunnel sleeve | clipped | via tunnel sleeve |
| poles | 8.5 and 9.0mm | 8.5mm T6 | 9.6mm DAC | 9mm DAC |
| colours | green or grey | blue with white inner | green with yellow inner | red or green with yellow inner |
| inner tent | 20D nylon with mesh ceiling vent and mesh upper part of doors | 40D all nylon | 20D all nylon (15D on 2020 model) | 30D all nylon |
| floor | 30D 8000mm floor | 70D 10,000mm | 70D, 25,000mm | 70D 10,000mm |
| fly | 15D silPeU 1200mm with apex vent | silPU 1500mm with above door overhang vents | 30D sil PU 2000mm with above door vents which align with inner vents which can allow nice bird hide capability | 40D PU 1500mm with above door overhang vents (Extreme has SilNylon) |
| inner height | 105cm | 115cm? | 110cm | 125cm |
| internal width | 109 to 134cm | 130cm | 140cm | 130cm |
| internal length | 215cm | 210cm | 220cm | 215cm |
| internal area | 2.62sqm | 2.86 sq.m | 3.08sq.m | 2.7sq.m |
| vestibule width | 75cm | ?75cm | 77cm | 95cm |
| vestibule area | 1.6sq.m | 1.8sq.m | 2.3sq.m | |
| ingress/egress | good | good | good | excellent |
| door size | 100x100x88cm (approx) | |||
| dual layer door | NO, 2/3rds nylon, upper 1/3rd mesh | full, rolls up to non-wind end | full rolls up to centre of tent | full, rolls up to centre of tent |
| door position | triangular base at end | triangular starts at non-wind end | central triangular base at end | central D doors |
| door rain protection with fly open | OK if pegged out | OK if pegged out but need to bring a clamp to do so as no peg hole on the door that opens | seems good but only if pegged out, no protection if folded back | very good as deep vestibule overhang |
| ridge pole | upward concave to give extra height to doors | NONE | std convex | convex to ground |
| ability to open wind end vestibule | yes, entire fly can be opened at each end and left attached in middle for fast closure if rain comes | yes but no tie back so need to bring a clamp | yes also has part way peg holes | no, unless remove ridge pole and use guy ropes |
| fully nylon sealed inner dust proof mode | NO | yes | yes | yes |
| zippable open inner vents | only upper part doors? | only doors | doors and ceiling vents – all dual nylon/mesh | only doors |
| can set up without fly | yes and can also have fly attached in middle and ready to apply | yes | yes | yes but more difficult and need guy ropes |
| can set up with fly only | yes and can be used as Hangout sun shade mode with trekking poles to elevate one end | no | ?possibly with footprint | yes, easy |
| extra features | Hangout mode; fly can stay on in middle only; pack comes in 3 parts for sharing and also doubles as tent pockets and diffused holder for ceiling lamps; | tough design for kids with proven durability to last over 20 years of hiking; poles pass through inner tent’s tunnel attachment which can wear out over many years and does prevent setting up with fly only; | use as a bird hide; has most waterproof floor and the strongest poles which double cross; gear loft; 3 ceiling carabiners; | extra height for tall people; large doors; hybrid tunnel design with ridge pole to ground; gear loft; |
| other versions | mesh version: $AU849 | 3P version Polaris | NB. 2020 version only has 15D nylon inner; 2021 version has 20D; | Extreme version has UV protected silnylon fly but gets saggy and takes longer to dry when wet; Orion III is a 3P version; |
My MacPac Apollo review:
I personally own the MacPac Apollo for my car camping and have found it to be a fantastic tent for the price and it has survived gale force winds and prolonged chains of thunderstorms but it is a little heavy for solo hiking as it is primarily designed to withstand the stresses of school kids hiking with it for which it is a great choice.
It sets up very easily – just thread the two poles through the inner canopy tunnel sleeves then slot the ends into the canopy corner tags. Place the fly over the top securing it to the poles via the velcro tabs then peg it out.
My main relatively minor criticisms of it are:
2. the vestibules are not designed to be fully opened one is designed to remain pegged which is probably good for school kids to increase stability if unattended in the wind, but requires you to bring a clamp if you wish to have it kept completely open.
3. there is no true ceiling vents, but the cross-ventilation available by keeping the top part of each door open as mesh is a reasonable compromise.
4. as the poles thread through the tunnel sleeves of the inner canopy, it cannot be set up as a fly only option or set up with fly first in the rain.
Any of these tents in the table would be great for hiking especially when the weights are shared between two people, although the Exped Orion II is getting a touch heavy and for a little extra weight, I think I would prefer the Exped Orion III 3P tent for its extra height and livability and particularly if I was car camping or I was a tall person.
If I was hiking solo, the Sea to Summit Telos TR2 PLUS would be high on my list given its versatility and lighter weight but unlike the others it cannot be “fully” sealed from dust and sand blowing around in a gale, and it is not really a full 4 season tent.
Perhaps my personal preference of the four for all round versatility and livability, especially if I am mainly car camping, or hiking in the colder months or in alpine areas, the Mont Dragonfly is winning me over and after getting inside one, I think the ceiling vents could allow it to be a handy bird hide even in the rain and of course it does have the most waterproofed flooring of all four of these tents.
If you are on a budget, the MacPac Apollo is a great option for two hikers or for car camping.